Friday, December 27, 2019
The Levels of Management - 865 Words
There are three different levels of management within an organization starting with top managers, then middle managers, and finally first-line managers. To begin, top managers according to the textbook â€Å"make long-term decisions about the overall direction of the organization and establish the objectives, policies, and strategies for it†(Kinicki and Williams 17). These managers are associated with the elaborate things in the office environment. They are typically the top dogs of a business. Their offices may include the most expensive furniture, top of the line technological equipment, and large windows with the best views in the building. The individuals who typically occupy these types of offices include the presidents, CEO’s, and†¦show more content†¦Like the definition states, these managers carry out the goals that the top level as set forth by setting goals and tasks for their departments and other affiliations. This level of management may be more i nvolved unlike the top level with the everyday workplace; therefore, they may give important feedback to the top managers based on first-hand experience. These type level jobs vary in salaries and responsibilities among the many organizations. A middle manager can start out making around $50,000 a year or up to around $110,000 a year. Depending on the size of the organization, they may supervise over small or large groups of people (17-18). A middle manager has the opportunity of advancement to reach the top level of the pyramid. Finally, there is the first-line level of management. These managers â€Å"make short-term operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of non-managerial personnel†(18). Job titles for individuals in this level are at the bottom of the pyramid, which includes titles such as department head, team leader, or supervisor. Their salary also varies from around $25,000 to $50,000 a year. First level managers typically do no set goals for the business, but instead, follow the tasks already set out for them by the upper levels of management. They take those tasks to put forth in the overseeing of the line workers. Employees of the organization work mostly with this level ofShow MoreRelatedManagement Levels Explained1265 Words  | 6 Pages and senior management? Discuss the key skills required to perform effectively at each level of management. Assess your own strengths and development needs in terms of the skills required to be an effective first-line manager. In the operation of any sizeable company, different levels of management are responsible for maintaining successful production and development of the business. Over the course of this discussion, I will define management, three different levels of management, and addressRead MoreLevel Of Management : Top Managers Essay935 Words  | 4 PagesLevel of Management The level of management is important for people to learn how the businesses to operate and manage the companies. According to what I have learned in class and experienced in the life, there are three main levels of managers: Top managers, middle managers and first-line managers. Top Management Top managers make up the relatively small group of administrators who manage the overall company. And top managers are the most important managers because they are able toRead MoreThe Level Of Tolerance And Classroom Management1221 Words  | 5 Pagesand classroom management in the classroom. It is important to have both these components within the classroom in order for lessons and lectures to run smoothly. These components have been studied at every level of education from preschool to university. This study will focus on analyzing these variables in the university setting. These variables are especially essential at the university level since professors hold less authoritative power over their adult students. However, is the level of civilityRead MoreTop Three Levels Of Management Essay1585 Words  | 7 PagesThe top three levels of management in an organization can be categorized in multiple formats: top-middle-low, corporate-departmental-supervisory, and executive-t actical-organizational and some. Whichever naming convention one prefers, the basic roles and responsibilities are the same; top level managers focus on the organization as a whole; middle level managers focus on specific business units, product lines or departments; low level managers focus on an office, installation, or facility, and haveRead MoreResponsibilities Of Each Level Management897 Words  | 4 Pagesform of business policy, top management, and even a director board that influences the way that the company performs. Each level of management and control of a company comes with its own guidelines and roles and responsibilities to perform and when any fall short of those responsibilities, the company suffers. The purpose of this essay is to explore the roles and responsibilities of each level management, what happens when the expectations of that level of management are not lived up to, and howRead MoreNvq Level 3 in Management2786 Words  | 12 PagesNVQ IN Managem ent Level 3 UNIT B6 Provide Leadership in Your Area of Responsibility Leadership is about helping people, empowering people, setting clear goals and motivation, while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organisation. The Council operates as one organisation working towards a common aim: â€Å"This Council will provide services that are amongst the best in the UK and will lead to the achievement of the Vision for Swansea†Consequently the corporate plan focusesRead MoreValue Management At The International Level3269 Words  | 14 Pages SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION Internationally, Value Management (VM) has been recognised as an emerging paradigm that focuses on the continuously increasing the value provided to the client and is widely accepted as an important tool in recent management of construction projects (Ellis, Wood et al. 2000). The construction industry is an important field for Value Management at the international level (Kelly, Male et al. 2004). Value Management is also critical to the success of projects as it providesRead MoreValue Management At The International Level3269 Words  | 14 Pages SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION Internationally, Value Management (VM) has been recognised as an emerging paradigm that focuses on the continuously increasing the value provided to the client and is widely accepted as an important tool in recent management of construction projects (Ellis, Wood et al. 2000). The construction industry is an important field for Value Management at the international level (Kelly, Male et al. 2004). Value Management is also critical to the success of projects as it providesRead MoreNetflix : Strategic Management At The Business Level Essay1706 Words  | 7 Pages In relation to strategic management at the business level, Netflix is a good example considering the various strategies that the management, led by Reed Hastings has been able to develop. Through decades, Netflix organization has been forced by both the internal and external factors to develop sustainable strategies in order to coup with the ever changing business environment. Good team working has also enab led Hastings to maintain the business at the top position when comparedRead MoreCorporate Level Strategies : Strategic Management1339 Words  | 6 Pages Corporate-Level Strategies As part of strategic management, a thorough analysis must be conducted by top-level managers to assess current business performance and to determine potential for growth. Corporate leaders create value for their businesses using three main approaches: expansion (diversification) within the industry or markets, concentration, and vertical integration. Diversification can either be related or unrelated. It is the responsibility of corporate leaders to set the firm’s strategic
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Behind The United States Constitution - 1040 Words
Behind the United States Constitution Introduction The creation of the Constitution is an important and major piece of American history. Before the Constitution, the Articles of Confederation were devised to ensure the natural rights of Americans were protected. Several issues surrounded the original Articles of Confederation. The question of how to strengthen the articles seemed to be quite a struggle, until the creation of the Constitution. Not only did the Constitution create stronger guidelines for the new country, but it also partnered with the Declaration of Independence in relieving some grievances of the people. One other important deal that occurred to enable the drafting of the Constitution is The Great Compromise. Without it, we may not have the Constitution as we know it today. Grievances in the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was partly drafted in retaliation to King George III and his tyranny. The people had many grievances against King George III including the forceful quartering of British soldiers (Shultz, 2014, Chapter 5). The Constitution addresses this issue. First, regarding the quartering of soldiers, the third amendment states, â€Å"No Soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.†(U.S. Const., amend. III) One other such grievance to the King was the complaint regarding unequal representation in the British Parliament.Show MoreRelatedThe No Child Left Behind Act895 Words  | 4 PagesWhat is the No Child Left Behind Act? The article â€Å"Do states have the right to ignore federal laws that they do not want to follow,†have followers that disagree that states need more authority to avoid the federal government from commanding policies they go up against; the Tenth Amendment presents a constitutional foundation for affirming that power. Today, opponents dispute, that federal power has decreased to weak levels, threatening individual liberties and making state rights that much more vitalRead MoreThe Constitution As A Democratic Document1286 Words  | 6 PagesThe Constitution as a Democratic Document Since the ratification of the Constitution, more than 11,000 amendments have been proposed. The Constitution of the United States of America was Officially ratified in 1789. This makes the document over two-hundred years old. Since the time of its writing and eventual ratification, the document has been amended and interpreted in many ways. Whether it be prohibition to the abolition of slavery. The Constitution has been constantly updated over time. ItRead MoreShould The Constitution Be Ratified For The Future?978 Words  | 4 PagesThroughout American history the constitution has been the framework for democracy. Written in 1787, the constitution was a great conception for the thirteen colonies. Now two-hundred and twenty-eight years later the United States is not a county of freedom fighting European-Americans. In this diverse and modern society concerns have come to surface as to whether the constitution should be ratified for the future to come. Ratifying the constitution sou nds like a good notion, but is nearly impossibleRead MoreThe History Of America Research Paper909 Words  | 4 PagesThe United States of America is defined by various documents that display the values and ideas that the United States stands behind. These documents, while numerous and varying in topic, share many common themes and ideas. Topics for these documents have also been formed by sources not from the United States such as the Enlightenment or the English Bill of Rights. Understanding these connections is important as they are a major part of American history. By understanding these connections you canRead MoreFlag Desecration Synthesis Essay1321 Words  | 6 Pages                                                                       Due: December 3, 2010 Mr. Baldwin                                               E5X-09  That Flag Should Not Be Protected The United States is known for being ‘land of the free’, a nation with a Declaration of Independence, as well, as a Constitution protecting the rights of it’s citizens. Wars have been fought and many people have died so we could have the rights that present today. The freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedomRead MoreProblems Associated With Democracy As Seen Through The Framers1203 Words  | 5 PagesAssociated With Democracy as Seen Through the Framers In Federalist 10, James Madison explains why the framers of the constitution chose a representative democracy, a republic, as opposed to a â€Å"pure democracy†. His argument being that a pure democracy consists of a small number of citizens who congregate and conduct and handle the government in person, but since the United States of America was geographically too large, it disqualified the option of administering a pure democracy. In addition, heRead MoreThe United States And The Native Americans Essay1594 Words  | 7 PagesThe United States and the Native Americans have a rich historical background. Though on the surface it is filled with hatred and injustice, there are a lot more complex interactions once thoroughly examined. The U.S, once a colony of the Europeans, eventually grew into the strong standing nation that it is today. Meanwhile the original inhabitants, the Native Americans, often received the aggression and oppression of this growing nation, but they were n’t the savages the U.S. claimed them to be. InRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States870 Words  | 4 PagesThe Constitution is a document that was created by the American people as a basic guide line for the country to follow. The Constitution is made up of twenty-seven amendments. These amendments are laws that everyone in the United States of America must follow. The Constitution is often viewed as a â€Å"living document†. The Constitution is thought of it in such a way because of its ability to be amended whenever it is needed to be amended. When the Constitution is amended, it will sometimes have documentsRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1284 Words  | 6 PagesThe Constitution of the United States is seen by Western Democratic countries as a document that perfectly exemplifies the idea of a â€Å"government of the people, by the people, and for the people.†History has said that the framers of The Constitution were heavily influ enced by the great thinkers of the Enlightenment era and the democratic philosophies that were exercised in Ancient Greece. However, history has buried the fact that the ideas that were most influential in The Constitution were notRead MoreThe Violation Of Fourth Amendment844 Words  | 4 PagesFourth Amendment and did it forbid the balancing test. Another issue was that did it actually fail the effectiveness part of the Brown test. Furthermore, the issue of did the sobriety checkpoint which is permitted by the United States Constitution, violate the Michigan State Constitution (supreme.justia.com n.d). There was also issues of did the sobriety checkpoint have a very high or low arrest result or rates because there were questionable deterrent value. Therefore, the lack of this information brought
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Observationc Organizations Behaviour - Structure and Process
Question: Discuss about the Observationc Organizations Behaviour, Structure and Process. Answer: Introduction Organizational behaviour is related to the observation of various individuals/groups in an organization in response to other individuals/groups taken as a whole (Bratton, et al., 2010). It is basically a study of different people and group to get an idea about their attitude towards certain circumstances. OB is important as it builds relationship between different individuals, organization and the social objective in an organization. It aims at enhancing goodwill and facilitating motivation. Promotes optimization use of resources and multidisciplinary. This report gives detailed information about two different topics of organizational behaviour, structure and processes Group and team behaviour; and conflict and negotiation. Group and team behaviour A group basically consists of two or more interdependent and interacting individuals who in order to achieve some particular objectives come together and work collectively (Anderson, Ones, Sinangil Viswesvaran, 2001).The behaviour of a group is mostly stated as that course action that takes place in a group. Usually there are two types of groups that an individual can form (Zimmer, 1986). Formal Groups: These include those types of work groups which are the organizations creation and have designated assignments and other rooted tasks (Piderit, 2000). This group directs towards the achievement of organizational goals. Formal groups are further classified as command group and interest group. Command group: It is that type of group that consists of individual who has to directly report to their manager (Cummings, 2004). Interest group: It is that type of group which is formed by those individuals who are working together in order to achieve an objective that is specific (Guzzo Shea, 1992). Informal groups: the formation of this group is due to friendship or some common interest. (Ivancevich, Matteson Konopaske, 1990).There are basically two types of informal groups. Task group: In this group people work together in order to finish a task or a particular job (Van Knippenberg, D, 2000). Friendship group: These types of group are formed due to their shared and common interests. Team is considered to do the task in an organized way in a formatted manner and proper ways in an organization (Johns Saks, 2005). There are the following types of team Problem solving team: Mainly groups of 5-12 employees are considered to form the same department who usually have to meet at least for few hours each week in order to discuss on many matters to improve efficiency, quality and the environment in an organization. Self managed work team: This type of team consists of 10-15 people in a team who has the responsibility of the former supervisors. Cross functional teams: In this type of team employees are at the same hierarchical level but coming from different areas of work and they come together in order to accomplish the given task (Yukl, 2002). Virtual teams: This type of team basically uses computer technology to bring altogether the physically dispersed members for the purpose of achieving the common goal of an organization. Teams are considered to be better than group work The team has become popular as it is a very great way to use and enhance employee talents. Teams can quickly assemble, refocus, disband and deploy. Team often facilitates involvement of the employees working in an organization. They are proved to be more flexible and more responsive to bring positive changes in the environment. They facilitate employee participation in the process of decision making. It brings an increase in the morale of the employees by generating a feeling of motivation and also democratizes an organization (Johnson, et al., 2002). Importance of group work Some tasks can only be performed only by making combined efforts by individuals who works together. Different members in a group have different skills and experience in engaging at work. This can provide a synergetic effect which can be used to solve complex problems in an organization. Groups facilitate companionship and builds mutual understanding. This will solve problems at work and bring more efficiency. They generally provide guidelines on acceptable behaviour. It brings clarification in a situation that is ambiguous. Group can also provide the member with protection right as the group members can collaborate in order to protect their rights and interests from threats and pressures coming from outside party. Difference between groups and teams Purpose: In a group the members often have a feeling that the group is created for administrative purpose. To maintain control on management and to make easy removal of management layer is also the reason. Whereas, in case of a team the members realise that in order to achieve the objectives of an organization, they have to perform collectively towards the attainment of desired outcome. Role awareness: In a group each individual are often preoccupied with their own assigned task and has limited knowledge regarding the task assigned to other group members. Therefore, in case of team, the team members are very much aware and well versed regarding the task assigned to the other team members. This will help them achieve organizational goals collectively. Conflict resolution: When a conflict takes place in a group, the members are always ready to point fingers at other group members and wait for the decision taken by the manager to resolve the issues. In case of team, the team members share a good bond with each other and take their responsibility to bring collaboration rather than putting the blame on other members. Trust: A group consists of an element of suspicion that has a role of causing members to become more cautious about the things they do and say. A lot of time and energy is wasted in making sure not to speak stupid words that can bring negative impact on their creativity. Whereas, team there is open communication system that is responsible for building trust among the members. The views of all the members are given importance and consideration and solutions are made accordingly. Hence, the similarities between group and team behaviour is that the leader of both aims at achieving the main purpose for which they were formed and work towards the achievement of their desired goals. Importance of team work in an organization For the improvement in relations among the employees: The individuals working in team always work in coordination and bring efficiency by working together to know each other better (Valle Witt, 2001). This will reduce the unnecessary chances for conflicts among the members and every individual will try to give its best to provide support to the members of the team. Healthy competition among the members: In case of team work, competition is always healthy and it creates a feeling of motivation in order to give better performance as compared to other team members. Work will never suffer or takes backseat in team: In a team when a member is not available due to some reasons, another person can manage and perform the work in the absence of the team member without affecting the work of a team in an organization. Issues involved in group and team work Communication: The main associated issue with this process in the organization is the communication with other group and team members (Piccoli, Powell Ives, 2004). It is important to establish the most effective ways and channels of communication. Conflict: Another issue is related to the situation that can bring conflict as many individuals are working together and it is quite obvious that there will be variation in ideas and views of the individuals (De Dreu Weingart, 2003). Power and influence: While forming a group or a team, one person is always given a position having the right to exercise power in case of making decisions. So a person holding power should be fair and honest. Conflict and negotiation An organizational conflict is that state of discord that is mainly caused due to perceived opposition in values, interests and needs between the people who are working together in an organization (Rahim, 2010).In an organization conflicts can take place in many forms. Conflict within the individual: This type of conflict is related to values, in which the role expected out of an individual fails to confirm with the beliefs and values held by an individual. Interpersonal conflict: This type of conflict is usually involved between two or more individuals, and this is considered to be the most recognized and common conflict that takes place in an organization. Such conflict may arise because of limited capital and resources. Conflict between individual and group: There are certain norms of operational standards and behaviour that are established in all the formal and informal groups which have to be followed by all the members working in an organization (Jehn Mannix, 2001). This type of conflict arises when an individual wants to remain for social needs within the group but sometimes may disagree to follow the group goals and its achievement methods. Intergroup conflict: An organization basically works in the network of various departments, groups, sections and work teams. This type of conflicts is not deeply personal in nature as the main reason behind the conflict is the factors that are inherent in the organizational behaviour. Inter-organizational conflict: Conflict can occur between organizations that has some dependency upon each other in many ways (Panteli Sockalingam, 2005). Such conflict can take place between supplier organization and buyer organization related to quality, quantity and delivery times. The importance of conflict in an organization Getting employees attention: Conflict can help the company to attract attention of their employees. It will create a sense of focus on the mind of the employees. When employees are allowed to keep their ideas, it will definitely improve the quality of meetings. Improve ideas: It results into a better quality of idea that is produced by the company. When people are working in a group there is always a fear of getting involved in a conflict. Hence, to avoid such a situation people remain more alert and brings improved ideas for the conduct in an organization (Jehn Bendersky, 2003). Negotiation refers to the process in which there are two or more parties who exchange various goods and services and also attempts to agree upon the rate of exchange decided between the parties (Robbins, 2001).Generally negotiation has two approaches: Distributive Bargaining: It means to divide up a fixed given amount of resources. It is basically a win-lose situation. Integrative Bargaining: It is that type of negotiation that aims at settling one or more settlements and results into a win-win solution (Beersma De Dreu, 2002). Importance of negotiation in an organization Negotiation brings long term career success for the organization: While making negotiation in relation to financial terms, it automatically brings a long term benefit to the business (Bazerman, 2000). Negotiation can avoid conflicts: Whenever a conflict takes place, negotiation is proved to be the best way to resolve such a situation. Differences between conflict and negotiation Facts: Conflicts usually takes place when individuals keep different ideas and theories related to business operations. The owners of the business can get involved in a conflict during bargaining with individuals and with other businesses. Whereas, negotiation is that process in which each individual attempts to bring a solution that can be beneficial for all the parties concerned therewith. Function: In case of small business they often have low negotiating positions and purchasing power. Whereas, it is not so in case of conflicts. Conflict can take place in small organization in the same way as it occurs in large organizations (Harinck, De Dreu, Van Vianen, 2000). Similarities in conflict and negotiation Conflict and negotiation both are prevalent in case of large business organization as more individuals form a part of the company. Both conflict and negotiation provides several options to bring resolution in case of difficult situations (Kuchar, Yang, 2000). In both the cases there is a chance that the process can bring an engagement by one party in unethical behaviour. This is the major drawback in both the processes. Conclusion The base of an organization rests on the philosophy, vision, values and goals of an organization. The final outcomes of this study highlight the quality of work and motivation brought in the organization as a result of group and team work. Conflict and negotiation is an important area that has to be studied to know the atmosphere in an organization. Some conflicts can cause harmful effects in the survival of an organization. It becomes importance to resolve such conflicts and find ways to avoid them in the near future for the smooth functioning and survival of the concerned organization. The element that describes the framework of an organization has been discussed above. Work as a team and group behaviour in an organization often plays a very important role. Among the team members, teamwork communication is the most essential trait. We can conclude by saying that team work is considered to be more effective in an organization as compared to a group work. Conflicts can be resolved by making negotiations. References Anderson, N., Ones, D. S., Sinangil, H. K., Viswesvaran, C. (2001).Handbook of industrial, work organizational psychology: Volume 1: Personnel psychology. Sage. Bratton, J., Sawchuk, P., Forshaw, C., Callinan, M., Corbett, M. (2010).Work and organizational behaviour. Palgrave Macmillan. Cummings, J. N. (2004). Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization.Management science,50(3), pg 352-364. De Dreu, C. K., Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis.Journal of applied Psychology,88(4), 741. Guzzo, R. A., Shea, G. P. (1992). Group performance and intergroup relations in organizations.Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology,3, pg 269-313. Ivancevich, J. M., Matteson, M. T., Konopaske, R. (1990).Organizational behavior and management. Bpi/Irwin. Johns, G., Saks, A. M. (2005).Organizational behaviour: Understanding and managing life at work. Toronto: Pearson Education. Johnson, S. D., Suriya, C., Yoon, S. W., Berrett, J. V., La Fleur, J. (2002). Team development and group processes of virtual learning teams.Computers Education,39(4), pg 379-393. Piccoli, G., Powell, A., Ives, B. (2004). Virtual teams: team control structure, work processes, and team effectiveness.Information Technology People,17(4), pg 359-379. Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change.Academy of management review,25(4), pg 783-794. Rahim, M. A. (2010).Managing conflict in organizations. Transaction Publishers. Valle, M., Witt, L. A. (2001). The moderating effect of teamwork perceptions on the organizational politics-job satisfaction relationship.The Journal of Social Psychology,141(3), pg 379-388. Van Knippenberg, D. (2000). Work motivation and performance: A social identity perspective.Applied psychology,49(3), pg 357-371. Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Pearson Education. Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks.The art and science of entrepreneurship. Ballinger, Cambridge, MA,pg 3-23. Jehn, K. A., Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance.Academy of management journal,44(2), pg 238-251. Panteli, N., Sockalingam, S. (2005). Trust and conflict within virtual inter-organizational alliances: a framework for facilitating knowledge sharing.Decision support systems,39(4), pg 599-617. Jehn, K. A., Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflict-outcome relationship.Research in organizational behavior,25, pg 187-242. Robbins, S. P. (2001).Organizational behavior, 14/E. Pearson Education. Beersma, B., De Dreu, C. K. (2002). Integrative and distributive negotiation in small groups: Effects of task structure, decision rule, and social motive.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,87(2), pg 227-252. Bazerman, M. H. (2000).Negotiation. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Harinck, F., De Dreu, C. K., Van Vianen, A. E. (2000). The impact of conflict issues on fixed-pie perceptions, problem solving, and integrative outcomes in negotiation.Organizational behavior and human decision processes,81(2), pg 329-358. Kuchar, J. K., Yang, L. C. (2000). A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods.IEEE Transactions on intelligent transportation systems,1(4), pg 179-189.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
One aspect of cinema during the silent era
Introduction Despite of the fact that the technology for making movies was discovered as early as 1895 by Frenchman Louis Lumiere, it was only until the late 1920s that the use of sound was introduced (Hunt, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on One aspect of cinema during the silent era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movies which were released during this era when the simultaneous use of sound in films is commonly done like in today’s movies are normally referred to as silent movies. This era, which admittedly did a lot in paving the way for the movies with sound that we enjoy today, is commonly known as the silent era (Khoshbakht, 2011). In this paper, major focus will be on giving a detailed analysis of the use of music in movies from the silent era vis-à -vis the use of music in the current films. In doing so, various similarities and differences of the use of music in cinema industry during both eras  detailing variant aspects and intricacies  will be expansively given. But before delving into such elemental intricacies, what should we primarily know about the use of music during these two eras? Brief overview into the use of music in the silent and modern era Essentially, it is worth beginning by stating that even though the directors of movies of the silent era did not manage to find ways of simultaneously using sound in their movies; various provisions were made to include external sounds so as to augment understanding of movies. According to (//), the use of sound during the silent era was majorly in form of performances by artists. According to (//above), this idea of including sound from performances by artists was majorly pegged on the discovery of the usefulness of sound in offering additional explanations of pictures to audiences creating an ambient mood for various feelings and prolonging productions of movies so as to keep audiences e ntertained for a long time. Even more specifically, music, which was the major sound tool used in the silent era, oriented to better understanding of movies by fulfilling the above-mentioned sound roles. To explicate the usage of music during the silent era and the fundamental importance it had, Filmbug (2011) reports that: Early in the development of the motion picture industry, it was learned that music was an essential part of any movie, as it gave the audience emotional cues for the action taking place on the screen. Small town and neighborhood movie theaters usually had a pianist accompany the film; large city theaters would have entire orchestras.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As time went by, directors from various parts across the world became more creative in the use of music. In addition, more movie audiences were reported as preferring movies with music bein g used compared to those that utterly contained pictures alone. These two factors facilitated the already agitated need for the use of sound and music for that matter. By the early 1920s, the use of music had escalated to a point whereby all the movies released during this time entailed its usage in one way or another. A perfect example of a movie released during this time is the famed Charlie Chaplin comedy. In 1930, most production houses like the Warner Bros had technology allowing the use of sound in movies, that is why they began to release movies containing sound (music) and, soon after that, a standard regulation was put in place ordering the use of sound in all standard films meant for public viewership (Bordwell, 2008). Today, most, if not all, movies use sound within their music with the very advanced sound effects. The similarities and differences in the use of music during the both eras are analytically discussed below (Sparknotes, 2011). Main Discussion Music in the Sil ent and Modern (Contemporary) Movie Eras In doing this discussion, the similarities and differences of the use of music will be done separately. Then, in conclusion, a rejoinder of the discussions, in form of a summary, will be given followed by a recapitulative conclusion of the entire content of this paper. Similarities To begin with, Holmes and Negra (2011, p.16-20) state that the use of music in movies during the silent era was done for more-or-less the same purpose it is done today. For example, to evoke certain emotions, facilitate understanding and lengthen or shorten timelines in the movies are among other reasons. For instance, when the Lumieres movies were shown in Japan, music was offered in form of performances by the Benshi using a technique known as Tasuke (Hunt, 2011). The Tasuke technique, according to Hunt, was meant to offer creative exposition and explanations of the films. Similarly, today’s movies use music for the same purpose.Advertising We will wr ite a custom research paper sample on One aspect of cinema during the silent era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the use of emotional music in the hit movie Titanic is to evoke feelings of love, hate and sadness in various scenes. Essentially, this is the reason why Titanic was and still is one of the most renowned movies of all the times. Moreover, during the both eras, music is skillfully used in the movies. In the silent era, music was practiced, well orchestrated and used at specific times during the movie. Today, the practice is still the same. However, some cases of miscalculated or haphazard use of music are witnessed mostly in productions that are directed by non professionals (Yahnke, 1996). Of course, it is inherent to state that today, technological advancement presents better ways of channeling music in movies, thus giving the audience better sound quality compared to that of the silent era. Speaking of the s ilent era, Hunt (2011) states that â€Å"like still photography, x-rays, air travel, and high-speed land travel, all popularised at the turn of the 20th century, the cinema offered a new perspective from which to view the world.†It, therefore, goes without saying that the music used variably in movies across the globe during this silent era offered insights into how different people viewed the world. For example, between 1910 and 1930, the use of action, like music in such gangster movies as The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912), The Great Train Robbery (1903) and The Racket (1928), was reverently received. This, probably, explains that around this time, there were a lot of crimes in the world, thus presenting the need for their depiction in movies (Dirks, 2011). In today’s world, the situation is hugely similar. For example, the presence of several witchcraft movies in Western Africa with scary or ritualistic songs being used shows the nature of religion in this part of the world. Using such songs makes it easy for the audience not only identify easily the themes in the movies but also offer more insights into the kind of songs normally used on such occasions. Again, in films produced during the both eras, music was used more in lengthy movies compared to the short ones. To this regard, movies during the silent period were mostly short. In such films, the use of music was very limited. In the today’s world, the same trend of using more music in longer movies is eminent just in the same way it was in the earlier days.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In relations to this point, it is also worth noting that the nature of song used to accompany the movies in the silent era was determined by the type of movie. Similarly, today’s movies tend to follow the same principle (Sparknotes 2011). Another vital factor considered placing the music in the movies during the silent eras as well as in the world today is the economic empowerment of the people producing the movies. It is for this reason that the selection of professionals to do music performances in the silent era was mainly performed by people directed those movies. thus, the kind and the quality of sound effects were also depended on well-off financing. In fact, as time went during the silent era, modifications and advancements that occurred in the use of music were mostly eminent in elite movies where producers and directors had enough money to try out various ideas. Very few of the ideas and contributions of rather poor people saw the daylight of success when compared to their well-off counterparts (Filmbug, 2011). Today, the situation is no different. Advancements in the movie industry with regards to the use of music mostly occur in well-off societies. According to this, creators of the movies that are well-budgeted for are able to hire professionals easily, select quality equipment and try out various ideas when compared to their poor counterparts (Filmbug, 2011). However, this tendency should not be misinterpreted in any way as the involvement of money leads to good movies. Reportedly, several movies have been produced by splashing lots of cash yet yielded poor results whereas those that had a low budget to operate with have performed admirably. It is just that when money is adequately available, producers and directors have a better opportunity of using the best techniques and innovations and trying out various ideas, thus facilitating a better performance in a myriad of ways when compared to their counterparts (Filmbug, 2011). Finally, it is inherently important to state that even though the use of music in movies was considered as an important element during the silent era, just like it is still meant today, several good movies were produced without any music at all. Differences The most noticeable difference in the use of music in these two eras is that, during the silent era music used in the films was from live performances, today’s movies rely on digitized technology that allows music to be synchronized with visuals within the movie. In effect, errors that might result from distortions during live performances are avoided, thus making today’s movies more reliable and easy to reach the target audience in the same format intended by the directors. Today, variations in audio normally come in form of editing and formats in which the movies are rendered. To a great extent, music used in films today is hugely advanced compared to that used in the silent era. As a aforementioned, this is based on the fact th at today’s technologies are well advanced, and the directors are also able to master ways of synchronizing audios and visuals more effectively than it was impossible to do in the past. Digging deep into the annals of movie history, we can find huge differences in the quality of music used in movies from these two eras (Hunt, 2011). Relating to the point above, Hunt (2011) states that during the silent era, â€Å"The significance was not the content of these films but rather the medium.†For this reason, relatively little attention was paid to the act of blending audios and visuals in movies. On the other hand, today’s movies are judged not just in terms of content but also on the use of music as well. For movies to be considered as being good by critics today, they must have good music and content as well. As a result, directors have to put a lot of efforts in selecting good content for a movie as well as searching for the best music (Filmbug, 2011). Another poi nt is that movies during the silent era were overly dramatized and often exaggerated in terms of sound used, and the content relayed to audiences (Hunt, 2011). According to Yahnke (1996), this trend was majorly based on the fact that movies during this era lacked actual actors’ speech, thus necessitating the need to send the intended message through emphatic body language and facial expressions. Contrastingly, today’s films have music which through modern devices like remote controls or sound systems, can be increased or reduced together with other audio elements in the movie. Resultantly, the need for over-dramatization is eliminated since people can easily understand what is going on in the movie by simply hearing the music being played, words being said by the actors or even reading subtitles that are often customized in several languages to suit various audiences (Hunt, 2011). In addition, the music used during the silent era relied on performances by people. For i nstance, performing songs throughout a long movie became challenging greatly since the singers could easily become tired. Also, the reaching ability of movies to wider audiences became hugely impeded by inability of some performers to travel to certain areas. As a result of such inefficacies of the overreliance of performers in carrying on the agenda of music in movies, silent movies were greatly limited (Bordwell, 2008). On the other hand, audio (from music) and visuals are easily synchronized for today’s movies right at the studio. By the time the movie is released in the market, the audios can be heard very easily without the need of live performers. Also, today’s movies do not heavily rely on live performers to do the audio parts of the movie. This does not only increase the reach of movies to wider audiences but additionally makes the actors have an easy time of simply acting once. In this regard, the availability of the Internet and the World Wide web as forums f or sharing digital information has been praised for facilitating the good reach of movies to the target audiences (Sparknotes, 2011). It is, however, important to note duly that in spite of the several advantages that today’s technologies present, with regards to giving better music than in the silent era, there are also some down-sides that have been noted as explicatively detailed below. Firstly, there is an increased usage of modified human voices using technologies like auto-tune and robots which personify the revered human element in movies. Despite the fact that some audiences love to listen occasionally to these modified sounds, a good number of people view them as fake and dehumanizing. This is, probably, the reason why the ancient practices of live performances of music is slow but, surely, catching up in today’s world. Classic performances in silent movies like Charlie Chaplin have also gained an increased audience in today’s world, especially among ch ildren (Yahnke, 1996). Secondly, being able to modify sounds like music easily has opened a door for a vista of endless hazardous possibilities, such as impersonation, piracy or even copyrights infringement which are the practices that are legally punishable. On top of the fact that such practices are illegal, they also soil the hard work done by the rightful owners of these performances. During the silent era, such cases were greatly limited since impersonating people could be easily noticed by audiences. Also, the unavailability of the adequate technologies made it difficult for manipulations of music and other audio accompaniments in movies. Thirdly and lastly, the availability of the Internet as a forum for accessing and sharing pictures, music or even movies has made it easy for adult content to spread easily to wrong audiences such as children. In effect, this corrodes the moral fabric of the society and creates an amiable environment that nurtures the growth of criticized hab its like viewing or listening to pornographic content. Summary of the discussion Going by the above discussions, it is undoubtedly clear that we have, indeed, come a long way in the evolution of films. Several changes, both positive and negative, have been witnessed in this painstaking evolution. Nonetheless, there is an abundance of learning that has taken place and that is the reason why today’s movies are, by far and large, better than those in the silent era in spite of the presence of some limitations as earlier stated. If more progress is to be ensued today, it is paramount that the concerned parties like the government, teachers, legal entities, parents and peers will own up to their roles in facilitating change. For example, the coordination of all these parties in curbing the excessive permissiveness of forums like the internet is necessary. Finally, several initiatives have been made to improve the use of music in movies and, reportedly, some are currently underway to help to reach a better situation while overcoming the existing challenges. A good example here is the borrowing of creative ideas of the silent era and other movie eras as well to help improve today’s movies. If such practices can be continually inculcated, huge progress can be realized. Conclusion In spite of the fact that this paper focuses mainly on the aspect of music in movies, it is remarkable to state that there are many other aspects that need not only to be assessed but also improved. To better the aspect of music is undeniably a step in the right direction considering the important role it plays in movies today. However, if overall success is to be realized in the entire movie industry, then other factors and aspects have to be appropriately keyed in. Also, although the research conducted in this paper is succinctly exhaustive, there are many other intricacies of music use in movies that need to be spotlighted by researchers and academicians. This will not only h elp in filling the literary gaps regarding the evolution of movies but also lay formidable foundation upon which future researches can be conducted. Additionally, it is commonly said that those who do not learn from history are bound to repeat it. If viewed under a negative spotlight, repeating history can be very costly and detrimental. Moreover, a majority of the happenings in the movie industry today are results of past events in one way or another. For this reason, it is recommendable that in-depth studies are done on the past nature of events in the movie industry so as to be able to understand the present occurrences while intermittently being able to prepare for the future. It is only by doing so we can be assured of overcoming the usual hiccups in the highly competitive market of movie-making and movie-watching. References Bordwell, D. (2008). Doing film history. Web. Dirks, T. (2011). Crime gangster films: Part 1. Web. Filmbug. (2011). Movie history. Web. Holmes, S., Negr a, D. (2011). In the limelight and under the microscope. New York: Continuum International Publishing group. Hunt, M. (2011). Cinema: Film history since 1880. Web. Khoshbakht, E. (2011). An interview with silent film composer Ekkehard Wolk. Web. Sparknotes. (2011). Film history: contemporary period (1980-present). Web. Yahnke, R. E. (1996). Cinema history, chapter 1, Films from the silent era. Web. This research paper on One aspect of cinema during the silent era was written and submitted by user Lucian Dodson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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