The Troubled Succession of Charles V of Spain

By the time he was 20, in 1520, Charles V ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlemagne over 700 years earlier. Charles was Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor; he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. Problematically for Charles, but interestingly for historians, he acquired these lands piecemeal - there was no one single inheritance - and many of the territories were independent countries with their own systems of government and little common interest. This empire, or monarchia, may have brought Charles power, but it also caused him great problems. The Succession to Spain Charles inherited the Spanish Empire in 1516; this included peninsular Spain, Naples, several islands in the Mediterranean and large tracts of America. Although Charles had a clear right to inherit, the manner in which he did so caused upset: in 1516 Charles became regent of the Spanish Empire on his mentally ill mother’s behalf. Just a few months later, with his mother still alive, Charles declared himself king. Charles Causes Problems The manner of Charles’ rise to the throne caused upset, with some Spaniards wishing for his mother to remain in power; others supported Charles’ infant brother as heir. On the other hand, there were many who flocked to the court of the new king. Charles caused more problems in the manner in which he initially governed the kingdom: some feared he was inexperienced, and some Spaniards feared Charles would focus on his other lands, such as those he stood to inherit from Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. These fears were exacerbated by the time it took Charles to put aside his other business and travel to Spain for the very first time: eighteen months. Charles caused other, much more tangible, problems when he arrived in 1517. He promised a gathering of towns called the Cortes that he wouldn’t appoint foreigners to important positions; he then issued letters naturalizing certain foreigners and appointed them to important positions. Furthermore, having been granted a large subsidy to the crown by the Cortes of Castile in 1517, Charles broke with tradition and asked for another large payment while the first was being paid. He’d so far spent little time in Castile and the money was to finance his claim to the Holy Roman throne, a foreign adventure feared by Castilians. This, and his weakness when it came to resolving internal conflicts between the towns and nobles, caused great upset. The Revolt of the Comuneros 1520-1 During the years 1520 - 21, Spain experienced a major rebellion within its Castilian kingdom, an uprising that has been described as the largest urban revolt in early modern Europe. (Bonney, The European Dynastic States, Longman, 1991, p. 414) Although certainly true, this statement obscures a later, but still significant, rural component. There is still debate on how close the revolt came to succeeding, but this rebellion of Castilian towns - who formed their own local councils, or communes - included a true mix of contemporary mismanagement, historical rivalry, and political self-interest. Charles wasn’t completely to blame, as pressure had grown over the last half-century when towns felt themselves increasingly losing power versus the nobility and the crown. The Rise of the Holy League Riots against Charles had begun before he had even left Spain in 1520, and as the riots spread, towns began rejecting his government and forming their own: councils called comuneros. In June 1520, as nobles remained quiet, hoping to profit from the chaos, the comuneros met and formed themselves together in the Santa Junta (Holy League). Charles’ regent sent an army to deal with the rebellion, but this lost the propaganda war when it started a fire that gutted Medina del Campo. More towns then joined the Santa Junta. As the rebellion spread in the north of Spain, the Santa Junta initially tried to get Charles V’s mother, the old queen, on their  side for support. When this failed, the Santa Junta sent a list of demands to Charles, a list intended to keep him king and moderate his actions and make him more Spanish. The demands included Charles returning to Spain and giving the Cortes a much greater role in government. Rural Rebellion and Failure As the rebellion grew larger, cracks appeared in the alliance of towns as each had their own agenda. The pressure of supplying troops also began to tell. The rebellion spread into the countryside, where people directed their violence against the nobility as well as the king. This was a mistake, as the nobles who had been content to let the revolt carry on now reacted against the new threat. It was the nobles who exploited Charles to negotiate a  settlement and a noble led army which crushed the comuneros  in battle. The revolt was effectively over after the Santa Junta was defeated in battle at Villalar in April 1521, although pockets remained until early 1522. The reaction of Charles wasn’t harsh given the standards of the day, and the towns kept many of their privileges.  However, the Cortes was never to gain any further power and became a glorified bank for the king. The Germania Charles faced another rebellion which occurred at the same time as the Comunero Revolt, in a smaller and less financially important region of Spain. This was the Germania, born out of a militia created to fight Barbary pirates, a council which wanted to create a Venice like city-state, and class anger as much as a dislike of Charles. The rebellion was crushed by the nobility without much crown help. 1522: Charles Returns Charles returned to Spain in 1522 to find royal power restored. Over the next few  years, he worked to change the relationship between himself and the Spaniards, learning Castilian, marrying an Iberian woman and calling Spain the heart of his empire. The towns were bowed and could be reminded of what they had done if ever they opposed Charles, and the nobles had fought their way to a closer relationship with him.

Essay on “Water The Basis of Life”

Water is a natural resource that every human being on Earth can use to satisfy his or her needs. According to the well known facts, a perfectly healthy man or woman can live from 3 to 5 days without water. But there are some requirements that should be fulfilled. First of all, the person must be absolutely healthy. Second of all, he or she must be located in perfect conditions. This means that the temperature shouldn’t be high or low. But this is just a theory – there’s no need to practice it! What are the functions of water? First of all, water can easily quench the thirst. Besides, it can make us survive, clean or organism and simply recharge our fatigue. To say more, water is known for its revitalizing functions that make our skin look better. According to the recent investigations performed by the scientists, 70% of the human being’s body mass is composed of water. Thus, we can openly state how important this liquid is for us. Although water is an integral part of our life and health in particular, we lose it every single day. In what way do we do that? We can lose water through bowel movement, perspiration and respiration. For instance, if you’re a fan of regular exercising, you know that the process will start perspiration which is respiration and sweating. Water is not only important to people and animals, but to plants as well. So, if we look deeper, it’s easy to see that if there was no water to feed the plants, there would be no oxygen for us. Water also provides us with a great number of multiple benefits. The number one advantage that water brings into our life is its revitalizing function. Our skin dries under the sun and water is always there to revitalize it. Taking in account the fact that we all live in huge cities where regular stress is something that we all have got used to, it’s no wonder that constant nervous tension makes us age. This is when water also can help through its revitalizing features. Besides that, this precious liquid can rehydrate our body, In our everyday life we like to play games, we work a lot and perspire that usually is the reason behind the body’s dehydration. This, in turn, can cause many problems with health and even might lead to death in most extreme conditions. In the process of studying, work and playing, we all get tired. This means that our organism is in need of water to recharge fatigue in order to go on with our everyday activities. It is important to mention that fatigue can be of both – physical and mental nature. Mental fatigues causes extensive sleepiness and decrease of attention of an individual whereas physical fatigue will make the muscles tired and pain. As the result of all these aspects, a human being becomes absolutely sluggish. And finally, water is a precious source for help when the person is in need of detoxification, which is the process of cleansing the bacteria in the body of a human being. On this planet, there is no better helper in the process of detoxification than water! This is definitely the best agent, and, without any doubts, the cheapest. To make it clear, water is the most important part of our life.   We can spend days without food and still be alive. But if we got deprived of water, very soon we would close our eyes forever. Water provides our life with a great variety of advantages. That is why we have to take care of our health and water is the number one tool to make use of in the process!

The Necessity Of Surgery Within A Global Health Context

Introduction: Global surgical interventions are a neglected, yet desperately needed, facet of global public health. Common global health approaches, such as prevention of disease through vaccination, are an absolute necessity. However, surgery is often overlooked as a sustainable, effective intervention because of erroneous beliefs about cost efficiency and fears over inadequate infrastructure. While these problems can hamper effective surgical interventions, this paper aims to show that global surgery can be an effective measure to address treatment and prevention of disease, as well as other ailments. Herein, the necessity of surgery within a global health context will be considered through a discussion of its history, its importance in the developing world, successful surgical interventions, and the complexity of implementation. Evidence will also be presented that surgery is not only important to increase quality of life in a cost-effective manner for underserved populations, but also because it forces global public health officials and funders to consider the structural imbalances that lead to ailments treated and/or prevented by this branch of medicine. Intended Audience: Governments, NGOs, and private individuals with the money and interest in global health. Background: Surgery is â€Å"the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipulation† (WHO 2014). 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MENTAL HEALTH DISSORDERS MARKED BY FEAR Essay Example For Students

MENTAL HEALTH DISSORDERS MARKED BY FEAR Essay Fear is an emotion that everyone experiences from time to time throughout his or her life. Fear is part of a biological response to danger. This emotion was programmed into each human being eons ago through evolution to alert us to the presence of danger by releasing adrenaline into our bloodstream therefore causing heart palpitations, sweating, tremors, chest pain, and nausea or abdominal distress among other symptoms induced by adrenaline. Our bodys reaction to fear is called the flight or fight response, which alerts us to the presence of danger and enhances our chances of survival. Some anxiety disorders which include fear as one of the symptoms experienced by patients are specific phobia disorder, social phobia disorder, and panic disorder. Patients who experience a persistent fear of objects or situations suffer from specific phobia disorder. Fear of animals or insects is very common. Some patients fear storms, water, or heights. Other patients fear seeing blood, an injury or undergoing a medical procedure. Specific situations that are feared by patients with a phobia include fear of enclosed places, fear of going through tunnels, or over bridges, fear of elevators, or flying and driving. Treatment of this kind of fear is accomplished by a visit or several visits to a therapist qualified to treat a person with phobias. A therapist may use behavioral therapy that might include systematic desensitization, where a patient learns to use relaxation techniques when he or she is gradually exposed to anxiety-producing stimuli. People who suffer from this type of disorder do recognize that their fears are excessive and irrational. Social phobia is a disorder marked by a persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur, as stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The criteria for this disorder include, but are not limited to a fear of social situations, avoidance of such situations, and great apprehension or anxiety in anticipation of social or performance situations. This fear significantly interferes with a persons relationships with other people, their social activities, and functioning level at work or school. Social phobia can lead to avoidance behavior. Meaning a person might avoid any social situation that makes them uncomfortable, and eventually becomes a homebody. The presence of panic attacks and fear of having another panic attack, called anticipatory anxiety characterize panic disorder. Symptoms of a panic attack are: 1. Heart palpitations Intense fear often accompanies at least four or more of the symptoms. These symptoms come on abruptly or out of the blue and usually subside in ten minutes to two hours. One out of seventy people suffer from this illness. The cause of panic disorder is unknown. People experiencing a panic attack sometimes think they are having a heart attack, since the symptoms of a heart attack and a panic attack are similar. Women are more likely to acquire this disorder than men are. Substance abuse and severe depression is very common in patients with PD. This illness is usually chronic but often cyclical in nature. Inability to work full time is also common. Many patients with PD are receiving disability payments and are unable to work at all. Many famous men and women have or do suffer from an anxiety disorder. Charles Darwin was thought to have suffered from panic disorder. In a journal, Darwin (1809-1882) described his malady as a Sensation of fear accompanied by troubled beating of the heart, sweating, and trembling of muscles. Other famous people with an anxiety disorder include Sigmund Freud, W.B Yeats, John Steinbeck, Sir Isaac Newton, and Kim Basinger, to name just a few. Anxiety disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Medications such as antidepressants (Paxil, Prozac, or Imipramine) and minor tranquilizers i.e.; Clonazepam, Valium, or Ativan are usually helpful. However, minor tranquilizers are habit forming. Relaxation therapy can also help. .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .postImageUrl , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:hover , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:visited , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:active { border:0!important; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:active , .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558 .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2640467c53865733b03adfd2de41f558:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Risk Taking Essay A competent psychiatrist, psychologist, or mental health therapist who specialize in anxiety disorders can provide treatment. 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